Which psychological approach emphasizes observable behavior over internal processes?

• A. Cognitive psychology
• B. Behaviorism
• C. Humanism
• D. Psychodynamic theory

Answer: (B)

The emphasis on observable behavior over internal processes is a hallmark of behaviorism, making it the correct choice. Behaviorism focused primarily on the study of external behaviors that can be measured and observed, rather than on internal thoughts, feelings, or mental states. This approach emerged as a reaction against earlier psychological theories that prioritized introspection and subjective experiences. Pioneering figures like John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner were instrumental in establishing behaviorism, advocating that psychology should be a science based on observable phenomena.

In contrast, cognitive psychology delves into internal mental processes such as thought, perception, memory, and problem-solving, which behaviorism does not focus on at all. Humanism also prioritizes personal growth and the subjective experience of individuals, highlighting emotions and self-actualization rather than just observable behaviors. Psychodynamic theory, strongly associated with Freud, emphasizes internal psychological processes and unconscious motivations, again diverging from the behaviorist focus on what can be seen and measured. Thus, behaviorism stands out as the approach dedicated specifically to observable behavior.