In operant conditioning, which type of stimulus functions as a positive punisher in the context of decreased attendance at social events?

• A. Neutral stimulus
• B. Aversive stimulus
• C. Negative reinforcement
• D. Positive reinforcement

Answer: (B)

In operant conditioning, a positive punisher is a stimulus that, when presented after a behavior, decreases the likelihood of that behavior occurring in the future. In this context, an aversive stimulus fits this definition, as it adds an unpleasant consequence that discourages the behavior—in this case, decreased attendance at social events.

When an individual attends social events and experiences something unpleasant (the aversive stimulus), it serves to reduce their motivation or desire to repeat that behavior in the future. This aligns with the principles of operant conditioning, where the introduction of an aversive stimulus (like criticism, bad social interactions, or feeling ostracized) following undesired behavior leads to a decrease in that behavior.

The other options do not correctly relate to the concept of positive punishment. A neutral stimulus does not have any effect on behavior. Negative reinforcement involves the removal of an aversive stimulus to increase a behavior, thereby not fitting the definition of punishment. Positive reinforcement, on the other hand, increases behavior by adding a pleasant stimulus following a desired action, which is opposite to punishing behavior. Therefore, the function of the aversive stimulus as a positive punisher helps clarify its role in reducing attendance at social events.